# Mesh generation and conversion with GMSH and PYGMSH

In this tutorial, you will learn:

This tutorial can be downloaded as a Python-file or as a Jupyter notebook

Prerequisites for this tutorial is to install pygmsh, meshio and gmsh. All of these dependencies can be found in the docker image dokken92/pygmsh, which can be ran on any computer with docker using

docker run -v $(pwd):/root/shared -ti -w "/root/shared" --rm dokken92/pygmsh  ## 1. How to create a mesh with pygmsh In this tutorial, we will learn how to create a channel with a circular obstacle, as used in the DFG-2D 2 Turek benchmark. To do this, we use pygmsh. First we create an empty geometry and the circular obstacle: import pygmsh resolution = 0.01 # Channel parameters L = 2.2 H = 0.41 c = [0.2, 0.2, 0] r = 0.05 # Initialize empty geometry using the build in kernel in GMSH geometry = pygmsh.geo.Geometry() # Fetch model we would like to add data to model = geometry.__enter__() # Add circle circle = model.add_circle(c, r, mesh_size=resolution)  The next step is to create the channel with the circle as a hole. # Add points with finer resolution on left side points = [model.add_point((0, 0, 0), mesh_size=resolution), model.add_point((L, 0, 0), mesh_size=5*resolution), model.add_point((L, H, 0), mesh_size=5*resolution), model.add_point((0, H, 0), mesh_size=resolution)] # Add lines between all points creating the rectangle channel_lines = [model.add_line(points[i], points[i+1]) for i in range(-1, len(points)-1)] # Create a line loop and plane surface for meshing channel_loop = model.add_curve_loop(channel_lines) plane_surface = model.add_plane_surface( channel_loop, holes=[circle.curve_loop]) # Call gmsh kernel before add physical entities model.synchronize()  The final step before mesh generation is to mark the different boundaries and the volume mesh. Note that with pygmsh, boundaries with the same tag has to be added simultaneously. In this example this means that we have to add the top and bottom wall in one function call. volume_marker = 6 model.add_physical([plane_surface], "Volume") model.add_physical([channel_lines[0]], "Inflow") model.add_physical([channel_lines[2]], "Outflow") model.add_physical([channel_lines[1], channel_lines[3]], "Walls") model.add_physical(circle.curve_loop.curves, "Obstacle")  We generate the mesh using the pygmsh function generate_mesh. Generate mesh returns a meshio.Mesh. However, this mesh is tricky to extract physical tags from. Therefore we write the mesh to file using the gmsh.write function. geometry.generate_mesh(dim=2) import gmsh gmsh.write("mesh.msh") gmsh.clear() geometry.__exit__()  ## 2. How to convert your mesh to XDMF Now that we have save the mesh to a msh file, we would like to convert it to a format that interfaces with dolfin and dolfin-X. For this I suggest using the XDMF-format as it supports parallel IO. import meshio mesh_from_file = meshio.read("mesh.msh")  Now that we have loaded the mesh, we need to extract the cells and physical data. We need to create a separate file for the facets (lines), which we will use when we define boundary conditions in DOLFIN/DOLFINx. We do this with the following convenience function. Note that as we would like a 2 dimensional mesh, we need to remove the z-values in the mesh coordinates. import numpy def create_mesh(mesh, cell_type, prune_z=False): cells = mesh.get_cells_type(cell_type) cell_data = mesh.get_cell_data("gmsh:physical", cell_type) points = mesh.points[:,:2] if prune_z else mesh.points out_mesh = meshio.Mesh(points=points, cells={cell_type: cells}, cell_data={"name_to_read":[cell_data]}) return out_mesh  With this function at hand, we can save the meshes to XDMF. line_mesh = create_mesh(mesh_from_file, "line", prune_z=True) meshio.write("facet_mesh.xdmf", line_mesh) triangle_mesh = create_mesh(mesh_from_file, "triangle", prune_z=True) meshio.write("mesh.xdmf", triangle_mesh)  ## 3. How to create a 3D mesh using pygmsh To create more advanced meshes, such as 3D geometries, using the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel is recommended. We start by importing this kernel, and creating three objects: • A box$[0,0,0]\times[1,1,1]$• A box$[0.5,0.0.5,1]\times[1,1,2]$• A ball from$[0.5,0.5,0.5]$with radius$0.25\$.
# Clear previous model
mesh_size = 0.1
geom = pygmsh.occ.Geometry()
model3D = geom.__enter__()
box0 =  model3D.add_box([0.0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1])
box1 =  model3D.add_box([0.5, 0.5, 1], [0.5, 0.5, 1])
ball = model3D.add_ball([0.5, 0.5, 0.5], 0.25)


In this demo, we would like to make a mesh that is the union of these three objects. In addition, we would like the internal boundary of the sphere to be preserved in the final mesh. We will do this by using boolean operations. First we make a boolean_union of the two boxes (whose internal boundaries will not be preserved). Then, we use boolean fragments to perserve the outer boundary of the sphere.

union = model3D.boolean_union([box0, box1])
union_minus_ball = model3D.boolean_fragments(union, ball)
model3D.synchronize()


To create physical markers for the two regions, we use the add_physical function. This function only works nicely if the domain whose boundary should be preserved (the sphere) is fully embedded in the other domain (the union of boxes). For more complex operations, it is recommened to do the tagging of entities in the gmsh GUI, as explained in the GMSH tutorial.

model3D.add_physical(union, "Union")


We finally generate the 3D mesh, and save both the geo and msh file as in the previous example.

geom.generate_mesh(dim=3)
gmsh.write("mesh3D.msh")
model3D.__exit__()


These XDMF-files can be visualized in Paraview and looks like

We use the same strategy for the 3D mesh as the 2D mesh.